The pace of NMN human trials has been steadily increasing over the past year, moving past initial stages proving NMN is safe to use in humans. According to Dr. David Sinclair, initial NMN trials have suffered from dosages too low to show the full benefits of NMN.
Still, NMN human trials have consistently shown positive results for safety and efficacy, significant increases in NAD+ levels, and crucially, that NMN can benefit humans in ways similar to the famous mouse studies performed by David Sinclair. The following is a list of all known human trials to date.
Summary of findings in human trials (most recent at top)
22 – NMN improved quality of life, physical performance, and biological age in healthy adults (2024)
21 – Meta-Review: NMN promotes liver and muscle health in middle aged and older adults (2024)
20 – NMN improved sleep and walking speed in older adults (2024)
19 – NMN safely enhanced PBMC NAD+ levels in middle-aged men over two months (2024)
18 – NMN improved blood pressure and vascular function in hypertensive patients (2023)
17 – Study finds some people don’t respond to NMN Supplements (2023)
16 – Aerobic capacity increased with NMN supplementation (2023)
15 – NMN reduced blood vessel stiffness and diastolic blood pressure (2023)
14 – NMN significantly reduced cholesterol, body weight, and diastolic blood pressure (2023)
13 – NMN increased endurance, blood NAD+ levels, and benefits bioage in middle-aged adults (2022)
12 – NMN mitigated incidences of frailty and retinal thickness in older males (2022)
11 – Intravenous NMN dramatically reduced blood triglyceride levels by about 75% (2022)
10 – NMN shown safe & well-tolerated in healthy adults in oral dose of 1250 mg 1x daily (2022)
9 – NMN improved sugar & cholesterol metabolism, hormone levels & reduced glycation (2022)
8 – NMN improved walking speed, grip strength in aged men, doubling NAD+ levels (2022)
7 – NMN increased 6-minute walking endurance and NAD+ levels (2022)
6 – NMN improved muscle insulin sensitivity and structure in aged, pre-diabetic women (2022)
5 – NMN nearly doubled whole blood NAD+ levels with no negative side effects (2022)
4 – NMN improved sleep quality & reduced drowsiness in adults over 65 years old (2022)
3 – NMN doubled NAD+ blood levels in participants middle-aged and older (2022)
2 – NMN increased aerobic capacity of runners, enhancing O2 in skeletal muscle (2021)
1 – NMN was safe & effectively metabolized in healthy men without deleterious effects (2020)
Details of each study, including date, participants, duration, dosage, safety and efficacy
22 – NAD+ precursor role in modulating NAD level in human beings and their therapeutic effects
*While this study has been published, the data analysis and methods raise concerns regarding reliability. Further analysis or additional validation may be necessary to fully assess the findings. Included/reviewed for documentation purposes.*
Date: September 2024
Participants: Healthy volunteers (n=80, aged 35-65)
Type: Randomized, placebo-controlled trial
Duration: 60 days
Dosage: 250 mg, 550 mg, and 850 mg
“All subjects took the NMN or placebo as directed during the intervention period, and not a single person reported a side effect.”
“After supplementing for 30 days, the subjects treated with NMN showed a substantial rise in NAD level (NADΔ30) relative to the cohort receiving the placebo.“
“NMN enhances quality of life, enhances physical performance, and slows down
aging by increasing NAD. The effects become more pronounced at greater dosages, but there is a potential it will not address insulin resistance, which necessitates further study.”
“All groups, including the placebo group, had increases in the HOMAR-IR index, a marker of insulin resistance, irrespective the beneficial gains in NAD levels… The rise in HOMAR-IR points to a possible effect on insulin resistance that needs more research.”
“All NMN-treated groups outperformed the placebo group on day 60 in terms of SF-36 scores, suggesting that NMN supplementation improves the quality of life connected to health.”
“There is a decrease in the blood biological age among the groups that received NMN treatment. The maximum reduction was observed at 850 mg, indicating that NMN may result in slowing or reversing the aging process.”
“As the concentration of the NMN supplement increased there was a considerable reduction in the aging process.”
“Walking distances were considerably greater for individuals in the 250 mg, 550 mg, and 850 mg NMN-treated cohort after 30 and 60 days as compared with baseline.”
“This study suggests that NMN helps in improving physical performance, and quality of life and slowing the aging process by increasing NAD, with effects becoming more noticeable at higher dosages.”
21 – Meta-Review: NMN Promotes Liver and Muscle Health in Middle Aged and Older Adults
Date: August 2024
Participants: Data from 9 studies including 412 participants
Type: Systematic review and meta-analysis
“Based on changes in gait speed (SMD: 0.34 m/s, 95%CI [0.03, 0.66] p = 0.033), NMN had significant effects on muscle mass.”
“NMN had a better effect on ALT (SMD: -0.29 IU/L, 95%CI [-0.55, -0.03] p = 0.028).”
“Subgroup analysis indicated that administering a small dose of NMN exerted the most prominent impact on Homeostasis Model Assessment-Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR).”
“NMN has positive efficacy in enhancing muscle function, reducing insulin resistance and lowering aminotransferase levels in middle-aged and elderly individuals.”
Date: May 2024
Participants: Healthy older adults (65-75 years)
Type: Randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel-group comparison study
Duration: 12 weeks
Dosage: 250 mg/day
“At secondary outcomes, after 12 weeks of NMN intake, the NMN group had a significantly shorter 4-m walking time than the placebo group as well as significantly higher blood levels of NAD + and its metabolites.”
“The NMN group had improved sleep quality at 12 weeks relative to the placebo group as evidenced by lower scores for “Daytime dysfunction” and “Global PSQI” on the Pittsburgh Sleep Questionnaire.”
“There were large individual differences in the changes in NAD metabolites after the NMN intake. This is thought to be due to differences in teh body pool of NAD+ and metabolic rate of niacin.”
“A significant negative correlation was observed between the change in the 4-m walking time and the change in blood NAD + , N1-methyl-2-pridone-5-carboxamide (2-PY), and N1-methyl-4-pridone-3-carboxamide (4-PY) at 12 weeks.”
“These results indicate that the higher the NAD+ level in the blood, the faster the walking speed is maintained in older adults.”
“No adverse effects related to test substance consumption were observed.”
“Together, these results indicate that NMN intake could increase blood NAD + levels, maintain walking speed, and improve sleep quality in older adults.”
“This is an important report that support previous findings and provides confidence that long term intake of NMN has a beneficial effect on walking speed in older adults.”
Date: January 2024
Participants: Healthy, middle-aged men (40-60 years), Japanese men (n = 14) received a placebo for the initial 4 weeks, followed by NMN supplementation for the subsequent 8 weeks
Type: Single-center, single-arm, open-label trial
Duration: 12 weeks (follow up duration); 8 weeks (NMN supplementation)
Dosage: 250 mg/day
“These findings indicate that oral NMN was effectively absorbed, chronologically augmenting NAD+ metabolism in peripheral tissues.”
“This study further confirms that NAD+ concentration in PBMCs increases over time with NMN administration.”
“We did not infer any direct causal relationships between NMN and any adverse events.”
“These results indicate that 8-week NMN supplementation at 250 mg/d is overall safe and tolerable in healthy middle-aged Japanese men.”
“In our subgroup analyses, limited to participants with higher-than-mean AUC values for insulin in the 75-g OGTT, three participants exhibited above-mean AUC value and 8-week NMN intake decreased the AUC values in all three, indicating a potential effect of NMN to modestly attenuate postprandial hyperinsulinemia.”
“In conclusion, NMN overall safely and effectively boosted NAD+ biosynthesis in healthy, middle-aged Japanese men, showing its potential for alleviating postprandial hyperinsulinemia.”
Date: September 2023
Participants: Two groups of patients with hypertension, one group (n=9) supplemented with NMN + lifestyle modifications, another group (n=10) made lifestyle modifications only
Type: prospective, randomized, open, 2-arm parallel interventional study
Duration: 30 days
Dosage: 800 mg/day
“Oral NMN supplement effectively increased NAD+ levels in PBMCs by ~43% compared with the LM group.”
“NMN supplement for 6 weeks reduced SBP and DBP by 6.11 mmHg and 3.56 mmHg, respectively, with a significant difference compared with the LM group.”
“In addition to the reduction in BP, FMD increased by 0.6%, while baPWV decreased by 116.66 cm/s after 6 weeks of NMN supplement.”
“Our data proved that NMN supplement reduced BP and ameliorated vascular damage in hypertensive patients.”
17 – Fingerstick blood assay maps real-world NAD+ disparity across gender and age
Date: August 2023
Participants: Three groups of subjects, 25 in each group, between 55 and 70 years of age
Type: double-blind, one placebo group and two treatment groups using different dosages of NMN
Duration: 30 days
Dosage: 500 mg/day and 1000 mg/day
Results:
“We showed that oral NMN supplementation and aerobic sport can significantly increase whole-blood NAD+ levels.” (15)
“The recorded average whole blood NAD+ level was 23.8 ± 5.5 μM in the placebo group, 41.7 ± 13.0 μM in the 500 mg/day group, and 58.8 ± 21.1 μM in the 1000 mg/day group” (15)
“aerobic sport and NMN supplementation increased whole-blood NAD+” (15)
16 – Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) intake increases plasma NMN and insulin levels in healthy subjects
Date: August 2023
Participants: Eleven healthy participants (20–65 years old, males = 7, females = 4)
Type: Study conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki guidelines
Duration: 3 months
Dosage: 250mg NMN daily
Results:
“Oral administration of NMN increased the plasma concentrations of NMN and NAD+, and the postprandial serum insulin levels. The elevation levels of NMN and insulin varied widely among individuals. No adverse symptoms were observed in the participants.”
“The recorded average whole blood NAD+ level was 23.8 ± 5.5 μM in the placebo group, 41.7 ± 13.0 μM in the 500 mg/day group, and 58.8 ± 21.1 μM in the 1000 mg/day group”
Summary: NMN safely increased NAD+ levels and significantly reduced total LDL and non-HDL cholesterol, body weight, and diastolic blood pressure.
Date: February 2023
Participants: 36 healthy middle-aged participants
Type: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group clinical trial
Duration: 12 weeks
Dosage: 125mg NMN or placebo twice daily
Results:
- Supplementation of NAD+-boosting agents reduced blood vessel stiffness, suggesting that NMN supplementation potentially improves vascular health in middle-aged adults
- NMN intervention significantly decreased diastolic blood pressure in participants with higher-than-mean blood glucose levels
Summary: NMN safely increased NAD+ levels and significantly reduced total LDL and non-HDL cholesterol, body weight, and diastolic blood pressure.
Date: February 2023
Participants: Thirty overweight or obese adults, ≥ 45 years
Type: single-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group, physiologic study
Duration: 28 days
Dosage: 2 NMN tablets each containing 500 mg twice daily
Results:
- MIB-626 treatment was associated with a substantial increase in blood NAD level from baseline to days 14 and 28
- Serum total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and non-high–density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels decreased from baseline in the MIB-626 group
- Body weight decreased in the participants randomized to the MIB-626 group and increased in those assigned to the placebo group; between-group difference in change in body weight was statistically significant
- Diastolic blood pressure decreased from baseline in the MIB-626 group
Summary: NMN was shown to be safe, well tolerated, and significantly increased NAD+ levels in blood of middle-aged adults. NMN also had a positive impact on physical endurance in six-minute walk tests, blood biological age, and patient-reported outcomes.
Date: December 2022
Participants: 80 middle-aged healthy adults
Type: randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, dose-dependent clinical trial
Duration: 60 days
Dosage: once daily oral dosing of placebo, 300 mg, 600 mg, or 900 mg NMN
Results:
- Blood NAD concentrations were statistically significantly increased among all NMN-treated groups at day 30 and day 60 when compared to both placebo and baseline.
- Walking distance increase during the six-minute walking test was statistically significantly higher in the 300 mg, 600 mg, and 900 mg groups compared to placebo at both days 30 and 60.
- Blood biological age increased significantly in the placebo group and stayed unchanged in all NMN-treated groups at day 60, which resulted in a significant difference between the treated groups and placebo.
- The change of SF-36 scores (positive patient reported outcomes) at day 30 and day 60 indicated statistically significantly better health of all three treated groups when compared to the placebo group.
Summary: NMN improved prevalence of frailty and retinal thickness in older male patients with diabetes and impaired physical performance. NMN supplementation for 24 weeks was safe and showed a trend toward improved grip strength and walking speed, although it was not significant, possibly due to the small study size.
Date: November 2022
Participants: 14 male patients with diabetes aged ≥65 years with reduced grip strength (<26 kg) or walking speed (<1.0 m/s)
Type: placebo-controlled, double-blinded study
Duration: 24 weeks
Dosage: 250mg NMN per day
Results:
- NMN was safe and tolerable without any severe adverse events. (13)
- NMN improved prevalence of frailty and central retinal thickness in older males. (13)
- Researchers found a trend towards improved grip strength and walking speed, but it was not significant, possibly due to the small study size. (13)
Summary: “Injecting healthy individuals with NMN safely and effectively reduced blood fat (triglyceride) content and increased NAD+ levels.” (12)
Date: Sept 2022
Model: ten healthy individuals (age 20-70 years)
Duration: 1 day
Dosage: Intravenous injection of 300 mg of NMN
Results:
“A single injection of NMN reduces blood fat content by about 75%.” (12)
“NMN injections are safely metabolized and cause no discernible damage to the heart, kidney, or pancreas despite bypassing the body’s detoxifier – the liver.” (12)
“The injections boost blood NAD+ levels by about 20%.” (12)
Summary: “Previous clinical studies with NMN have not reported on the safety of repeated daily oral administration of ≥ 1000 mg/shot in healthy adult men and women, and human clinical trials on NMN safety are limited. Therefore, we conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study to evaluate the safety of 1250 mg of β-NMN administered orally once daily for up to 4 weeks in 31 healthy adult men and women aged 20-65 years.” (11)
Date: Aug 2022
Participants: 31 healthy adult men and women aged 20-65 years old
Type: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group
Duration: 4 weeks
Dosage: 1250 mg of NMN administered orally once daily
Results:
“Oral administration of β-NMN did not result in changes exceeding physiological variations in multiple clinical trials, including anthropometry, hematological, biochemical, urine, and body composition analyses. Moreover, no severe adverse events were observed during the study period.” (11)
“Our results indicate that β-NMN is safe and well-tolerated in healthy adult men and women in oral dose of 1250 mg once daily for up to 4 weeks.” (11)
9 – Clinical evaluation of changes in biomarkers by oral intake of NMN
Summary: “A new study finds that NMN improves the metabolism, hormone levels, and skin of postmenopausal women.” (9a)
Date: June 2022
Model: Postmenopausal women between 50 and 80 years old
Duration: 12 weeks
Dosage: 300 mg/day of oral NMN
Results:
“Supplementing older women with 300 mg of oral NMN improves sugar and cholesterol metabolism.” (9a)
“NMN improves hormone levels as measured by the “mother hormone” – dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-s).” (9a)
“Treatment with NMN reduces a process called glycation in the skin.” (9a)
Summary: Japanese scientists show administering NMN to aged men more than doubles blood NAD+ levels and enhances walking speed and grip strength.
Date: May 2022
Model: Men aged 65 years and older
Duration: 12 weeks
Dosage: 250 mg per day of oral NMN
Results:
- 250 mg of NMN per day for 12 weeks more than doubles blood NAD+ levels in healthy males older than 65.
- The supplementation regimen improves walking speed and grip strength in the aged men.
- These findings suggest NMN supplementation may be used to ameliorate age-related muscle deterioration.
Summary: Study to evaluate the efficacy of NMN in stimulating NAD+ metabolism and its effect on middle-aged and older subjects, several parameters such as blood NAD+/NADH concentration in serum, 6 minute walking tests, blood pressure, pulse pressure, and the SF36 questionnaire on well being.
Date: May 2022
Participants: 66 adult and elderly subjects
Type: Multicentre, randomised, double blind, placebo controlled
Duration: 60 days
Dosage: 2 capsules of 150mg NMN or starch powder per day
Results:
- At day 30, NAD+/NADH levels in the serum showed a noteworthy increase, i.e., by 11.3%, whereas the placebo group had shown no change at all. At the end of the study, i.e., day 60, the NAD+/NADH levels were increased further by 38% compared to baseline, against a mere 14.3% in the placebo group.
- The 6-minute walking endurance increased by 4.3% in the Uthever NMN group and 3.9% in the placebo group on day 30, however by day 60 the NMN group showed a rise of 6.5% compared to 3.9% for the placebo group.
6 – Nicotinamide mononucleotide increases muscle insulin sensitivity in prediabetic women
Summary: “A human clinical trial shows that nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) improves metabolism in aged women with prediabetes.” (6a)
Date: April 2022
Model: prediabetic women between the ages of 55 and 75 who were overweight
Type: randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial
Duration: 10 weeks
Dosage: 250 mg capsules/day of oral NMN
Results:
“This clinical study is the first to report the effectiveness of NMN on human health.” (6a)
“NMN supplementation up-regulated the expression of platelet-derived growth factor receptor β and other genes related to muscle remodeling.” (6a)
“The researchers show that NMN increases blood cell NAD+ levels and improves muscle insulin sensitivity and structure in aged, prediabetic women.” (6a)
Summary: “A recently-published University of Toyama study from Japan reveals that a daily intake of 250 mg of nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) significantly raises blood NAD+.” (5a)
Date: April 2022
Participants: thirty healthy subjects
Type: placebo-controlled, randomized, double blind, parallel-group trial
Duration: 12 weeks
Dosage: 250 mg/day of NMN (n = 15) or placebo (n = 15)
Results:
“Healthy human subjects who took two 125 mg doses of NMN per day for 12 weeks nearly doubled their whole blood nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) levels” (5a)
“No adverse physiological side effects, such as altered body weight or elevated blood pressure, were observed following NMN supplementation.” (5a)
“Whole blood NAD+ levels plateaued after four weeks of NMN usage and persisted for the 12-week duration of the study.” (5a)
Summary: A clinical study shows that 12 weeks of supplementation with the immediate NAD+ precursor NMN enhances sleep quality and lower limb function to potentially benefit physical and mental health.
Date: Feb 2022
Participants: 108 participants divided into four groups (NMN_AM; antemeridian, NMN_PM; post meridian, Placebo_AM, Placebo_PM)
Type: Randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study
Duration: 12 weeks
Dosage: 250mg/day or placebo
Results:
- NMN supplementation improves sleep quality to reduce drowsiness in adults over 65 years old.
- Better sleep has been shown to improve cognition and physical performance, which may improve aged adults’ outlook on life and the overall number of healthy years people live.
Summary: “A study published by a research team from Metro International Biotech and Harvard Medical School shows that a pharmaceutical-grade preparation of NMN known as MIB-626 increases blood levels of NAD+ in one week in middle-aged and older adults.” (3a)
Date: Feb 2022
Participants: 32 overweight or obese adults, 55-80 years
Type: double-blind, placebo-controlled study
Duration: 14 days
Dosage: 1000-mg MIB-626 NMN once daily, twice daily, or placebo
Results:
“MIB-626 is a pharmaceutical-grade tablet of NMN from Metro International Biotech.” (3a)
“This study evaluated the ability of varying oral MIB-626 doses to raise intracellular NAD+ levels.” (3a)
“Two 500 mg MIB-626 tablets taken once or twice daily for two weeks doubled NAD+ blood levels in the participants middle-aged and older adults.” (3a)
Summary: “Together with exercise training, NMN supplementation increases the endurance performance of middle-aged athletes by improving aerobic capacity.” (2a)
Date: July 2021
Participants: 48 young and middle-aged recreationally trained runners
Type: Randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled four-arm clinical trial
Duration: 6 weeks
Dosage: participants were randomized into four groups: the low dosage group (300 mg/day NMN), the medium dosage group (600 mg/day NMN), the high dosage group (1200 mg/day NMN), and the control group (placebo)
Results:
“In middle-aged runners, supplementing 600 to 1200 mg/day of NMN for six weeks increases the aerobic capacity of humans during exercise training, and the improvement is likely the result of enhanced O2 utilization of the skeletal muscle.” (2a)
“The muscle oxygen utilization improvements increased with higher NMN doses during endurance exercise.” (2a)
“No adverse health effects while taking up to 1200 mg/day of NMN for six weeks were reported.” (2a)
Summary: “Scientists from Keio University School of Medicine in Japan publish first study evaluating safety of nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) administration in humans, showing no adverse health concerns.” (1a)
Date: Feb 2020
Participants: 10 healthy men
Type: single-arm non-randomized
Duration: 5 hours
Dosage: single oral administration of 100, 250, and 500 mg NMN
Results:
- The single oral administrations of NMN did not cause any significant clinical symptoms or changes in heart rate, blood pressure, oxygen saturation, and body temperature. (1)
- Laboratory analysis results did not show significant changes, except for increases in serum bilirubin levels and decreases in serum creatinine, chloride, and blood glucose levels within the normal ranges, independent of the dose of NMN. (1)
- Results of ophthalmic examination and sleep quality score showed no differences before and after the intervention. (1)
- Plasma concentrations of N-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide and N-methyl-4-pyridone-5-carboxamide were significantly increased dose-dependently by NMN administration. (1)
- The single oral administration of NMN was safe and effectively metabolized in healthy men without causing any significant deleterious effects. Thus, the oral administration of NMN was found to be feasible, implicating a potential therapeutic strategy to mitigate aging-related disorders in humans. (1)
References:
1a – Clinical Trial Shows Safety of NMN in Humans
2a – Human Trial Shows NMN Enhances Exercise Endurance in Runners
3a – Metro Biotech Publishes MIB-626 NMN Human Data
5a – Clinical Study Indicates that NMN Efficaciously Increases Blood NAD+ in Humans
6 – Nicotinamide mononucleotide increases muscle insulin sensitivity in prediabetic women
6a – Metabolic Benefits of NMN Shown for First Time in Humans
9 – Clinical evaluation of changes in biomarkers by oral intake of NMN (PDF)
9a – Japanese Study Indicates NMN Reverses Signs of Aging in Older Women
12 – Japanese Study Indicates NMN Injections Reduce Blood Fat Content in Healthy Individuals
15 – Fingerstick blood assay maps real-world NAD+ disparity across gender and age